Clinically, metformin is well tolerated, with gastrointestinal symptoms and vitamin B12 deficiency representing the most common adverse effects (Top et al., 2022)
In recent years, a large number of studies have shown a bidirectional interaction between the gut and the brain, a mechanism known as the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA) (2)
It plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress caused by pollution, UV exposure, lifestyle factors, and normal metabolic processes
Some exceptions may apply to different regions
Once cells absorb nutrients, they keep using them to rebalance systems, think mitochondrial energy, antioxidant defense, and fluid balance